Rating:
Meow.n and flag_enc.png were given.
Meow.n file is a Neko VM bytecode file that compiled by Haxe.
If we run this file with neko Meow.n command, we can see this output:
Usage: meow INPUT OUTPUT.
I found out that with the command nekoc -d Meow.n, we can get human-readable version of the bytecode (Meow.dump).
global 97 : function 1997 nargs 2
global 98 : function 2047 nargs 1
global 99 : var
global 100 : string "Usage: meow INPUT OUTPUT" <<<
global 101 : var
global 102 : float 3.94381953783290329
global 103 : function 2111 nargs 2
global 104 : var
global 105 : function 2136 nargs 0
In the global section, we can find the string "Usage: meow INPUT OUTPUT" that is shown when we run Meow.n
000C8A 2145 AccGlobal 100
000C8C 2146 Push
000C8D 2147 AccGlobal 37
000C8F 2148 Push
000C90 2149 AccField new
000C92 2150 ObjCall 1
000C94 2151 Push
000C95 2152 AccGlobal 99
000C97 2153 Push
000C98 2154 AccField println
000C9A 2155 ObjCall 1
In the code number 2145, the string is printed by println function. So we can think that this part of code is the 'main' function of the code.
000C7B 2136 AccGlobal 99
000C7D 2137 Push
000C7E 2138 AccField args
000C80 2139 ObjCall 0
000C82 2140 AccField length
000C84 2141 Push
000C85 2142 AccInt 2
000C87 2143 Lt
000C88 2144 JumpIfNot 2162
Actually, this part above is the start point of the 'main' function.
I read the bytecode of the 'main' function step-by-step, and converted that into a pseudocode.
function func(a, b) {
if a.val < b.val {
return -1;
}
else if a.val > b.val {
return 1;
}
else {
return 0;
}
}
if args().length < 2 {
println(new string("Usage: meow INPUT OUTPUT"))
exit(1)
}
img = readPixels(args()[0])
if img.width != 768 or img.height != 768 {
exit(1)
}
rnd = new Random()
i = 0
k = 0
while (i < arr.length) {
z = k+arr[i]
y = ((z << 9) + z)
k = (y >> 5) ^ y
i += 1
}
k = (k << 4) + k
k = (k << 10) ^ k
k = (k << 14) + k
rnd.setSeed(k)
rndval = (rnd.float() + 1) * rnd.float()
o = new array()
o101 = new(obj101)
o101.val = ranval
o101.index = 0
o.push(o101)
i = 1
while (i < 768) {
a = new(obj101)
t = o[i-1] * 3.94381953783290329
a.val = (1 - o[i-1].val) * t
a.index = i
o.push(a)
i+=1
}
o.sort(func)
k = 0
while (i < img.height) {
while (j < img.width) {
pos = o[k].index % img.width
px1 = img.get_pixel(pos, i)
px2 = img.get_pixel(j, i)
img.set_pixel(pos, i, px2)
img.set_pixel(j, i, px1)
k = (k+1)%768
j+=1
}
i+=1
}
k = 0
while (i < img.height) {
while (j < img.width) {
t = o[k].val
vv = int(t*13337)
px3 = img.get_pixel(j, img.height)
b1 = ((vv & 255) << 8) | (vv & 255)
b2 = (((vv & 255) << 16) | b1) ^ px3
img.set_pixel(j, i, b2)
k = (k+1)%100
j+=1
}
i+=1
}
writePixels(args()[1], img)
Thanks to Neko VM's github repository, I could find out what these bytecode commands are doing.
According to this pseudocode, it create array 'o' filled with random values, and use it for encoding image. But we can see the seed of the random object is never changing. Therefore random values in array 'o' is not actually random. I wrote Data.hx file and compiled to Neko bytecode file. By executing this file, I was able to obtain the array.
Image encoding logic can be divided into two steps.
k = 0
while (i < img.height) {
while (j < img.width) {
pos = o[k].index % img.width
px1 = img.get_pixel(pos, i)
px2 = img.get_pixel(j, i)
img.set_pixel(pos, i, px2)
img.set_pixel(j, i, px1)
k = (k+1)%768
j+=1
}
i+=1
}
The first step swaps two pixels for all pixels in the image.
k = 0
while (i < img.height) {
while (j < img.width) {
t = o[k].val
vv = int(t*13337)
px3 = img.get_pixel(j, img.height)
b1 = ((vv & 255) << 8) | (vv & 255)
b2 = (((vv & 255) << 16) | b1) ^ px3
img.set_pixel(j, i, b2)
k = (k+1)%100
j+=1
}
i+=1
}
The second step performs pixel xor vv operation for all pixels in the image.
Finally, I wrote a decoder that reverses all these encoding process.
import sys
from PIL import Image
def pixel2hex(px):
return int('{:02x}{:02x}{:02x}'.format(px[0], px[1], px[2]), 16)
def hex2pixel(hx):
return (hx >> 16, (hx & 0xff00) >> 8,hx & 0xff, 255)
class KV():
def __init__(self, idx, val):
self.index = idx
self.val = val
def __repr__(self):
return "%d => %f" % (self.index, self.val)
ori = [ ... ]
o = [KV(k,v) for k, v in ori.items()]
vt = [ ... ]
frompath = "input.png"
topath = "output.png"
imgsize = 768
img = Image.open(frompath)
pixels = img.load()
def enc():
k = 0
for i in range(imgsize):
for j in range(imgsize):
pos = o[k].index % imgsize
px1 = pixels[pos, i]
px2 = pixels[j, i]
pixels[pos, i] = px2
pixels[j, i] = px1
assert(k == j)
k = (k+1)%768
k = 0
for i in range(imgsize):
for j in range(imgsize):
t = o[k].val
vv = int(t*13337)
px3 = pixel2hex(pixels[j, i])
b1 = ((vv & 255) << 8) | (vv & 255)
b2 = (((vv & 255) << 16) | b1) ^ px3
pixels[j,i] = hex2pixel(b2)
k = (k+1)%100
img.save(topath)
print("SAVED " + topath)
def dec():
for vv, i, j in vt:
px = pixel2hex(pixels[j,i])
key = ((vv & 255) << 8) | (vv & 255) | ((vv & 255) << 16)
pixels[j,i] = hex2pixel(px ^ key)
for i in reversed(range(imgsize)):
for j in reversed(range(imgsize)):
pos = o[j].index % imgsize
px1 = pixels[j, i]
px2 = pixels[pos, i]
pixels[j, i] = px2
pixels[pos, i] = px1
img.save(topath)
print("SAVED " + topath)
dec()
TWCTF{Ny4nNyanNy4n_M30wMe0wMeow}
